Strongest solar storm in years, bombarding Earth w/ radiation... aurora borealis that swept across the night sky

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Jan. 22, 2012 - Solar storm sparks dazzling northern lights
NASA observed a flare Sunday night at 11 p.m. EST Jan. 22, 2012, shows a solar flare erupting on the Sun's northeastern hemisphere, the strongest solar storm in more than six years, bombarding Earth with radiation with more to come. The biggest concern from the speedy eruption is the radiation, which arrived on Earth an hour later and will likely continue through Wednesday. It's mostly an issue for astronauts' health and satellite disruptions. It can cause communication problems for airplanes that go over the poles. Scientists have been expecting solar eruptions to become more intense as the sun enters a more active phase of its 11-year cycle, with an expected peak in 2013.

A storm from the broiling sun turned the chilly northernmost skies of Earth into an ever-changing and awe-provoking art show of northern lights on Tuesday. Even experienced stargazers were stunned by the intensity of the aurora borealis that swept across the night sky in northern Scandinavia after the biggest solar flare in six years. "It has been absolutely incredible," British astronomer John Mason cried from the deck of the MS Midnatsol, a cruise ship plying the fjord-fringed coast of northern Norway. "I saw my first aurora 40 years ago, and this is one of the best," Mason told The Associated Press, his voice nearly drowning in the cheers of awe-struck fellow passengers.

U.S. space weather experts from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said Tuesday evening that so far they had heard of no problems from the storm that triggered the auroras, which made it as far south as Wales, where the weather often doesn't cooperate with good viewing.

It was part of the strongest solar storm in years, but the sun is likely to get even more active in the next few months and years, said physicist Doug Biesecker at the U.S. Space Weather Prediction Center in Boulder, Colorado. "To me this was a wake up call. The sun is reminding us that solar max is approaching," Biesecker said. "A lot worse is in store for us. We hope that you guys are paying attention. I would say we passed with flying colors."

Even before particles from the solar storm reached the Earth on Tuesday, a different aurora Monday night was dancing across the sky as far south as Ireland and England, where people rarely get a chance to catch the stunning light show. Those northern lights were likely just variations in normal background solar wind, not the solar storm that erupted Sunday, Biesecker said.

Tuesday's colorful display may not have moved that far south, limiting its audience, but those who got to see it got brilliance in the sky that had not been around for years. "It was the biggest northern lights I've seen in the five-six years that I've worked here," said Andreas Hermansson, a tour guide at the Ice Hotel in the Swedish town of Jukkasjarvi, above the Arctic Circle.

He was leading a group of tourists on a bus tour in the area when a green glow that had lingered in the sky for much of the evening virtually exploded into a spectacle of colors around 10:15 p.m. "We stopped the bus. And suddenly it was just this gigantic display of dancing lights and Technicolor," said Michele Cahill, an Irish psychologist, who was on the tour. "It was an absolutely awesome display. It went on for over an hour. Literally one would have to lie on the ground to capture it all." But in -30 degrees F (-35 C), that didn't seem like a good idea.

An aurora appears when a magnetic solar wind slams into the Earth's magnetic field, exciting electrons of oxygen and nitrogen. The northern lights are sometimes seen from northern Scotland, but they were also visible Monday night from northeast England and Ireland, where such sightings are a rarity. "The lights appear as green and red mist. It's been mostly green the past few nights. I don't know if that's just special for Ireland," said Gerard O'Kane, a 41-year-old taxi driver and vice chairman of the Buncrana Camera Club in County Donegal in Ireland's northwest corner. He and at least two dozen amateur photographers were meeting after dark at a local beach for an all-night stakeout. They've been shooting the horizon from dozens of locations since Friday night.

Scientists have been expecting solar eruptions to become more intense as the sun enters a more active phase of its 11-year cycle, with an expected peak in 2013. But in recent years the sun appeared quieter than normal, leading scientists to speculate that it was going into an unusually quiet cycle that seems to happen once a century or so. While the geomagnetic part of the solar eruption — which happened around 11 p.m. EST Sunday — was more of a fizzle, another earlier part of the sun's outburst was more powerful.

On Monday and Tuesday, the proton radiation from the eruption reached strong levels, the most powerful since October 2003. That mostly affects astronauts and satellites, but NASA said the crew on the International Space Station was not harmed and only a few minor problems with satellites were reported, Biesecker said.

However, some airplane flights over the North Pole have been rerouted because of expected communication problems from the radiation. Geomagnetic storms cause awesome sights, but they can also bring trouble. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, problems can include current surges in power lines, and interference in the broadcast of radio, TV and telephone signals. No such problems were reported Tuesday.

Peter Richardson, a 49-year-old bar manager and part-time poet at the 17th-century Tan Hill Inn in northern England, said the pub — normally dead on a Monday night in January — was thronged until the wee hours of the morning with people who came to look at the lights. "I just thought: 'Oh my God, this is just absolutely amazing,'" he said. "You do get a lot of spectacular skylines out here, but that was just something out of the ordinary. Very different."

Ken Kennedy, director of the Aurora section of the British Astronomical Association, said the northern lights may be visible for a few more days.

The Canadian Space Agency posted a geomagnetic storm warning Tuesday after residents were also treated to a spectacular show in the night sky. John Manuel, a scientist with the Canadian Space Agency, said there's an increased chance of seeing northern lights over northern Canada on Tuesday night. "It's not likely people in the major Canadian cities further south will see a significant aurora tonight," he said. "There's always a possibility but the current forecast is for a good show for people who live further north. It should be a particularly good night tonight."

Statement from NASA - "The sun erupted late on Jan. 22, 2012 with an M8.7 class flare, an Earth-directed coronal mass ejection (CME), and a burst of fast moving, highly energetic protons known as a 'solar energetic particle' event." "The latter has caused the strongest solar radiation storm since September 2005." A spectacular explosion, or flare, on the surface of the sun is causing the night sky here on Earth to light up with the aurora borealis.

The solar flare occurred on Sunday and was directed at the Earth. By Tuesday morning Space Weather Canada, the federal government agency that monitors such activity, issued a geomagnetic storm watch.

A video on NASA's website shows a quick, bright and powerful burst of energy erupting from the surface of the sun, then once again disappearing. "The sun erupted late on Jan. 22, 2012 with an M8.7 class flare, an Earth-directed coronal mass ejection (CME), and a burst of fast moving, highly energetic protons known as a 'solar energetic particle' event," said a statement from NASA. "The latter has caused the strongest solar radiation storm since September 2005."

The blast was travelling at a speed of close to 1,400 miles per second when it left the surface of the sun, and arrived at Earth's magnetosphere Tuesday morning. "This has the potential to provide good auroral displays, possibly at lower latitudes than normal," NASA said.

In northern parts of Ireland, Scotland and southern England the aurora borealis, also known as the northern lights, lit up the night sky as the result of the unusual solar activity. The phenomenon is not typically visible so far south.

John Manuel, a researcher with the Canadian Space Agency's solar-terrestrial sciences division, said Canadians, particularly those in the north, should look out for especially vivid displays of the Northern Lights through Wednesday.

"For solar storms it's really a matter of timing and luck, or bad luck -- luck if you like the aurora because the CME (coronal mass ejection) that takes a couple of days to get to Earth is very likely to stir up the Earth's magnetic field in a way that will produce aurora, probably pretty good aurora, tonight," he told CTVNews.ca on Tuesday.

Some residents of more southern regions of Canada, where the northern lights are typically not seen, may also be treated to the phenomenon, Manuel said. "In some of the truly massive storms they have been seen as far south as Mexico, which is truly amazing," he said.

Manuel said Sunday's solar flare doesn't come as a surprise. He said the sun is approaching the peak of its typical 11-year cycle, with activity expected to continue to build to a peak in 2013, after which the cycle will reset.

In addition to the beautiful displays in the night sky, solar storms can also wreak havoc on electronic devices, in particular satellites.

This occurred in 1994 when Canada's Anik E1 and E2 satellites were knocked out by a solar storm, and satellite TV signals were lost in Canada for several hours.

Power grids on Earth can also be affected by geomagnetic storms. In 1989, Manuel said, the province of Quebec was affected by a solar storm which caused six million people to lose power.

A spokesperson for the Canadian Space Agency told CTVNews.ca that Canadians could expect some minor radio communication disruptions and possible satellite interruptions this time around, but no major issues are anticipated.

NASA said the six astronauts currently aboard the International Space Station do not need to take any extra measures to protect themselves from the particles.

*Update July 15, 2012*

NASA: Major solar storm batters Earth
This story was updated at 11:50 a.m. ET (Sunday, July 15, 2012) to include information from the most recent radio blackout update from the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center.

Solar flares release a wave of ions that can damage satellites, interfere with navigation or communication signals, and damage power plant infrastructure. Scientists say we should expect many more of these sun storms before the year is through, with varying results and ramifications.

According to an article on Space.com, “The sun unleashed a huge flare Thursday (July 12), the second major solar storm to erupt from our star in less than a week.” The X-class sun storm, the most powerful type of flare the sun can have, according to the article, peaked at 12:52 pm EDT and was significantly more powerful than the flare that erupted on July 6.

NASA officials were quoted as saying in an alert, “It erupted from Active Region 1520, which rotated into view on July 6.” The article says Active Region 1520, or AR1520, is a giant sunspot currently facing Earth. According to NASA and the Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC), which is operated by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the sun flare was registered as an X1.4-class flare, making it the strongest flare of the summer.

Solar Storm Bombarding Earth Today
Space weather experts are keeping close watch for a solar storm expected to reach Earth today (July 14), the fallout from a powerful solar flare earlier this week.

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Photos courtesy of AP Photo / NASA, AP Photo / Scanpix Norway, Rune Stoltz Bertinussen